A Comprehensive Review of Routing in 4G/5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Trends, and Future Directions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29304/jqcsm.2024.16.41784Keywords:
4G, 5G, Routing, Cellular network, Vehicular network, Network slicing, Multi-access edge computingAbstract
The development of fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) technologies has caused great havoc in favor of telecommunications, leading to new areas of application. These technologies, which provide very high-speed data transfer, expand their range of services from the user's perspective. It is very important to thoroughly investigate the internal mechanisms used by current and modern cellular networks, involving the use of signaling protocols and routing components. Several issues related to the functioning of cellular networks are the subject of many scientific publications. For that reason, this paper does not consider this network, with a focus on the routing process as redundant. The subject is limited to existing cellular systems, which include both fourth and fifth generation technologies, namely 4G and 5G.
The four key features of this review are the terminological changes that have taken place with the evolution of telecommunications technologies, as well as routing mechanisms in cellular networks, next-generation cellular network challenges like vehicle networks, future cellular networks, network slicing, and multi-access edge computing. We characterized our work by describing the inconsistencies observed in the literature on cellular systems. Similarly, this paper identified specific limitations of next-generation cellular systems. In a similar vein, this paper has characterized the 4G and 5G technologies in next-generation cellular networks. Recent attempts at changes in routing have addressed problems related to signaling protocol operations and concerns of future cellular networks. Typically, three criteria are evaluated: low behavioral cost, lack of network congestion, and appropriate route rate. These aspects are mainly considered in the first phase of route research, and the search for the optimization scheme of relevant cellular systems has deepened.
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