Energy and Mobility-based Routing Protocol for E-VANET
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29304/jqcsm.2026.18.32923Keywords:
E-VANET, Electric Vehicles, Routing Protocol, Energy, MobilityAbstract
Electrical Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (E-VANET) is the future version of vehicular networks, which comprises a large number of moving and parked electric vehicles connecting in a vast geographic area. It aims to exchange real-time information about weather, roads, accidents, traffic congestion, and other relevant details. The main issues that reduce the efficiency of routing in E-VANET are dynamicity due to the vehicle mobility and limitations of the vehicle's battery, which must be recharged frequently. In E-VANET, the vehicle's residual energy and energy consumption during route discovery and data forwarding affect the lifetime of electric vehicles and selected routes. Moreover, vehicle mobility affects the stability and lifetime of the selected route, and as a result, increases energy consumption during frequent route reconfiguration processes. Therefore, the data routing operations in E-VANET require a special routing protocol that takes into account vehicle mobility, energy consumption, and battery limitations. Thus, a new routing protocol based on energy and mobility for E-VANET called REME is proposed in this paper. It depends on formulating the routing problem as an optimization mathematical model, which is focused on the mobility and energy factors in constructing the optimal routes. In this model, the mobility factors represent the average velocity and direction of each pair of connected vehicles. Moreover, the energy factors refer to the vehicle's residual energy and the total energy required to send data from the source to the destination. REME assigns each pair of connected vehicles with residual energy exceeding their thresholds and moves them at the minimum average velocity in the same direction, thereby maximizing the chance for them to function as intermediate nodes in the constructed route. From various simulation scenarios, we concluded that REME is superior to AH-SFLA and SANCV according to average route stability, energy consumption, network overhead, and number of dead electric vehicles.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Jawad Kadhim
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