Neutrosophic Domain for Image Zero Watermarking: Neutrosophic Domain for Image Zero Watermarking

Hussein Kadhim Abdali; Areej M. Abduldaima; Matheel E. Abdulmunim

doi:10.29304/jqcsm.2026.18.22948

Authors

Hussein Kadhim Abdali Department of Mathematics and Computer Applications, College of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Al-sinaa Street, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
Areej M. Abduldaima Department of Mathematics and Computer Applications, College of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Al-sinaa Street, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
Matheel E. Abdulmunim bMultimedia and Digital Media Department, College of Computer Sciences, University of Technology, Al-sinaa Street, Baghdad 10001, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29304/jqcsm.2026.18.22948

Keywords:

Membership Functions, Neutrosophic Domain, Image Zero Watermarking, Zero Watermark Construction, Watermark Recovery

Abstract

In our time, the use of various technological application systems has become an accepted and indispensable necessity. Naturally, the use of images in these applications is a priority due to the significant impact of image circulation, whether for medical, industrial, economic, or, of course, social and personal purposes. Therefore, the ease with which this vast amount of data is shared has led to significant challenges in terms of security, intellectual property rights protection, and other areas. Consequently, watermarking technologies, especially zero-based watermarking, have become an ideal solution for preserving images, provided that ownership is securely verified without any alteration to the original images. This research aims to propose a developed zero-watermarking model using: 1- A neutrosophic domain, which is used to extract important image features and use them to generate new features. 2- Calculating the average of each block to create a new, more stable feature matrix. Initially, the image is converted to a neutrosophic domain, and the component T is selected and divided into non-overlapping blocks, each of size 4x4. Accordingly, a feature matrix is created whose elements are the average values of each block and converted to binary form, where the watermark is merged with it through XOR to build the zero watermark.

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Neutrosophic Domain for Image Zero Watermarking